Against the Militarized Academy

by: Henry A. Giroux, t r u t h o u t | Perspective

Against the Militarized Academy
Defense Secretary Robert Gates has announced an effort to increase the militarization of higher education. (Photo: FilmMaker Magazine)

    While there is an ongoing discussion about what shape the military-industrial complex will take under an Obama presidency, what is often left out of this analysis is the intrusion of the military into higher education. One example of the increasingly intensified and expansive symbiosis between the military-industrial complex and academia was on full display when Robert Gates, the secretary of defense, announced the creation of what he calls a new "Minerva Consortium," ironically named after the goddess of wisdom, whose purpose is to fund various universities to "carry out social-sciences research relevant to national security."(1) Gates's desire to turn universities into militarized knowledge factories producing knowledge, research and personnel in the interest of the Homeland (In)Security State should be of special concern for intellectuals, artists, academics and others who believe that the university should oppose such interests and alignments. At the very least, the emergence of the Minerva Consortium raises a larger set of concerns about the ongoing militarization of higher education in the United States.

    In a post-9/11 world, with its all-embracing war on terror and a culture of fear, the increasing spread of the discourse and values of militarization throughout the social order is intensifying the shift from the promise of a liberal democracy to the reality of a militarized society. Militarization suggests more than simply a militaristic ideal - with its celebration of war as the truest measure of the health of the nation and the soldier-warrior as the most noble expression of the merging of masculinity and unquestioning patriotism - but an intensification and expansion of the underlying values, practices, ideologies, social relations and cultural representations associated with military culture. What appears new about the amplified militarization of the post-9/11 world is that it has become normalized, serving as a powerful educational force that shapes our lives, memories and daily experiences. As an educational force, military power produces identities, goods, institutions, knowledge, modes of communication and affective investments - in short, it now bears down on all aspects of social life and the social order. As Michael Geyer points out, what is distinctive about the militarization of the social order is that civil society not only "organizes itself for the production of violence,"(2) but increasingly spurs a gradual erosion of civil liberties. Military power and policies are expanded to address not only matters of defense and security, but also problems associated with the entire health and social life of the nation, which are now measured by military spending, discipline and loyalty, as well as hierarchical modes of authority.

    As citizens increasingly assume the roles of informer, soldier and consumer willing to enlist in or be conscripted by the totalizing war on terror, we see the very idea of the university as a site of critical thinking, public service and socially responsible research being usurped by a manic jingoism and a market-driven fundamentalism that enshrine the entrepreneurial spirit and military aggression as means to dominate and control society. This should not surprise us, since, as William G. Martin, a professor of sociology at Binghamton University, indicates, "universities, colleges and schools have been targeted precisely because they are charged with both socializing youth and producing knowledge of peoples and cultures beyond the borders of Anglo-America."(3) But rather than be lulled into complacency by the insidious spread of corporate and military power, we need to be prepared to reclaim institutions such as the university that have historically served as vital democratic spheres protecting and serving the interests of social justice and equality. What I want to suggest is that such a struggle is not only political, but also pedagogical in nature.

    Over 17 million students pass through the hallowed halls of academe, and it is crucial that they be educated in ways that enable them to recognize creeping militarization and its effects throughout American society, particularly in terms of how these effects threaten "democratic government at home just as they menace the independence and sovereignty of other countries."(4) But students must also recognize how such anti-democratic forces work in attempting to dismantle the university itself as a place to learn how to think critically and participate in public debate and civic engagement.(5) In part, this means giving them the tools to fight for the demilitarization of knowledge on college campuses - to resist complicity with the production of knowledge, information and technologies in classrooms and research labs that contribute to militarized goals and violence.

    Even so, there is more at stake than simply educating students to be alert to the dangers of militarization and the way in which it is redefining the very mission of higher education. Chalmers Johnson, in his continuing critique of the threat that the politics of empire presents to democracy at home and abroad, argues that if the United States is not to degenerate into a military dictatorship, in spite of Obama's election, a grass-roots movement will have to occupy center stage in opposing militarization, government secrecy and imperial power, while reclaiming the basic principles of democracy.(6) Such a task may seem daunting, but there is a crucial need for faculty, students, administrators and concerned citizens to develop alliances for long-term organizations and social movements to resist the growing ties among higher education, on the one hand, and the armed forces, intelligence agencies and war industries on the other - ties that play a crucial role in reproducing mili tarized knowledge.

    Opposing militarization as part of a broader pedagogical strategy in and out of the classroom also raises the question of what kinds of competencies, skills and knowledge might be crucial to such a task. One possibility is to develop critical educational theories and practices that define the space of learning not only through the critical consumption of knowledge but also through its production for peaceful and socially just ends. In the fight against militarization and "armed intellectuals," educators need a language of critique, but they also need a language that embraces a sense of hope and collective struggle. This means elaborating the meaning of politics through a concerted effort to expand the space of politics by reclaiming "the public character of spaces, relations, and institutions regarded as private" on the other.(7) We live at a time when matters of life and death are central to political governance. While registering the shift in power toward the large-scale pr oduction of death, disposability and exclusion, a new understanding of the meaning and purpose of higher education must also point to notions of agency, power and responsibility that operate in the service of life, democratic struggles and the expansion of human rights.

     Finally, if higher education is to come to grips with the multilayered pathologies produced by militarization, it will have to rethink not merely the space of the university as a democratic public sphere, but also the global space in which intellectuals, educators, students, artists, labor unions and other social actors and movements can form transnational alliances to oppose the death-dealing ideology of militarization and its effects on the world - including violence, pollution, massive poverty, racism, the arms trade, growth of privatized armies, civil conflict, child slavery and the ongoing wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. As the Bush regime comes to an end, it is time for educators and students to take a stand and develop global organizations that can be mobilized in the effort to supplant a culture of war with a culture of peace, whose elemental principles must be grounded in relations of economic, political, cultural and social democracy and the desire to sustain human life.

    (1). Brainard, Jeffrey. (April 16, 2008) "U.S. Defense Secretary Asks Universities for New Cooperation," The Chronicle of Higher Education, online at http://chronicle.com/news/article/4316/us-defense-secretary-asks-universities-for-new-cooperation.

    (2). Michael Geyer, "The Militarization of Europe, 1914-1945," in The Militarization of the Western World, ed. John Gillis (Rutgers University Press, 1989), p. 79.

    (3). William G. Martin, "Manufacturing the Homeland Security Campus and Cadre," ACAS Bulletin 70 (Spring 2005), p. 1.

    (4). Chalmers Johnson, The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004). p. 291.

    (5). See Cary Nelson, "The National Security State," Cultural Studies 4:3 (2004), pp. 357-361.

    (6). Chalmers Johnson, "Empire v. Democracy," TomDispatch.com (January 31, 2007), available online at http://www.commondreams.org/cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/views07/0131-27.htm

    (7). Jacques Rancière, "Democracy, Republic, Representation," Constellations 13:3 (2006), p. 299.

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Henry A. Giroux currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department. He has taught at Boston University, Miami University of Ohio, and Penn State University. His most recent books include: Youth in a Suspect Society (Palgrave, 2009); Politics After Hope: Obama and the Crisis of Youth, Race, and Democracy (Paradigm, 2010); Hearts of Darkness: Torturing Children in the War on Terror (Paradigm, 2010); and he is working on two new books titled Zombie Politics and Culture in the Age of Casino Capitalism and Education and the Crisis of Public Values, both of which will be published in 2011 by Peter Lang Publishers. Giroux is also a member of Truthout's Board of Directors. His website is www.henryagiroux.com.

 

 


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Ummmmm . . . "intrusion of

Ummmmm . . . "intrusion of the military into higher education." My education proceeded during WWll. I was too young to "fight," although I know the smell of cordite. We were constantly regaled with military glory. There was a difference though. My boarding school was surrounded by bomber command. We watched young teenagers loading up for a night of mayhem. Aviation fuel was a sweet smell. Early morning, when those teenagers limped home, engines burping, home but not home 'til they were on the ground, we saw the carnage at ground level: burned out metal, the odd vestige of clothing and we saw no glory. None of my classmates took up a military career and I'll make damn sure my grand kids wont too . . .


A real education opens and

A real education opens and broadens the mind, inviting us to look at the world from as many distinct perspectives as possible in order to form a more complete view. It provides us not only with knowledge, but with the tools necessary to apply our knowledge wisely. A military "education" does exactly the opposite, tightening the worldview and narrowing the scope of an individual's possibilities by aiming him or her toward airtight ideologies that divide the world not only politically but racially and morally. Soldiers aren't trained to think, but to act on command - if anything, they are re-educated so there are no conflicting thoughts when the command is given. There's a huge difference between opening a mind and shaping it.


One of the difficulties of

One of the difficulties of today's military is the simple fact that most of the military are conservative. This does not reflect society as a whole. The banishing of ROTC from many front rank colleges and universities has deprived the military of many well educated junior officers. Let us not forget that OUR military takes an oath, not to the President, not to the Congress, not even to the people, but to the CONSTITUTION "...support and defend the Constitution of the United States of America against all enemies..." To keep our troops from learning to goose-step, it's necessary that the military be composed of citizens of all political persuasions.


It is not ironic that

It is not ironic that Minerva be used as the name. After all, Minerva was goddess not only of wisdom, but also of poetry, medicine, commerce, crafts and warriors. In other words, the goddess of all that is supposed to be taught at our universities.


Ike termed the interaction

Ike termed the interaction of the congress with the war manchine the "military industrial, congressional complex. He had his last speech altered & dropped the term "congressional" from the text. Currently, the complex may be validly referred to as the "military industrial congressional presidential complex" R.P.


Absolutely nauseating. As

Absolutely nauseating. As someone about to reenter college, I strongly suspect that there will be extreme attempts made to recruit those soon to graduate in my intended field: nursing. The MIC is sure to need people to mop up the resulting blood and gore from their wars-for-fun-and-profit.


The incursion of the

The incursion of the military into the university is a travesty. This "Minerva" campaign is a program designed to substitute brain-washing for true education. Official opinions are not facts, official "party lines" are not explanations or analyses, and prescribed group-think is not intellectual development. A program designed to establish pre-determined results is not research. The real danger is the university's need for money -- witness the huge updraft in tuition and student fees over the last decade. If academe sells its soul for the "grants" that Minerva will undoubtedly provide, higher education in the U.S. will be eviscerated.


The rise of the militarized

The rise of the militarized university began at the same time World War II did. Suddenly, scientific advances in areas as diverse as radar, chemical synthesis of rubber, airplane fuel formulation, computers for code cracking, and, most ominously, biological and nuclear warfare programs. The U.S. biological and nuclear warfare programs were based mainly at Fort Detrick MD and Los Alamos NM, and both relied heavily on recruitment of the country's best scientists. The difference is that everyone saw the result of the nuclear program, while the biological program was never used. That led to the period of military involvement in university research, which also involved the private biotech and nuclear sectors to some degree. That period lasted through about 1980, when universities in the U.S. were fundamentally altered by Bayh-Dole legislation passed by Reagan. Under the previous model, c.1940-1980, military research had been compartmentalized at places like Lawrence Livermore and Sandia, for reasons of security as much as anything else. Universities provided people for the military research sectors, which were always collaborations between the government and the likes of Lockheed, etc. Under the new Bayh-Dole model, the entire university was to become something like a private corporation, patenting,licensing and marketing the products of its research labs. This is the new corporate model - for example, every time a dose of human or bovine growth hormone is sold, the University of California gets a percentage. Would the UC system support research that might show that growth hormone is unhealthy? Not likely. Corporate corruption of academic institutions in the U.S. is a far bigger problem than their relatively limited direct involvement in military research.


What do people here think of

What do people here think of the spread of JROTC programs into high schools? A program began late last year at our high school with little fanfare but much financial might... Now we live with Uniform Wednesdays.


Many universities and

Many universities and college have departments or programs of Peace Studies. There is also by now a substantial literature about the history, theory, and practice of non-violence and conflict resolution. Peace studies is a welcome counterbalance to ROTC. With a new administration for change, I propose that those who support Prof. Giroux give a boost to Representative Dennis Kucinich. Let's push Congress to pass his bill for a Department of Peace.


An Alternative View I

An Alternative View I respectfully suggest that it might indeed be wise for the military to fund social science research in national security issues. It could very well turn out that advanced research will clearly indicate that violence is a bad thing, that war wastes lives and money, that we humans have more in common than not, that war propaganda helps lead to war, that armed aggression is a crime, etc., etc. The study of war could just possibly help us better understand the singular value of the quest for peace.


The Defense Secretary is

The Defense Secretary is working on a model of "peacefare" that requires more sophisticated military training. It is entirely different from the "war on terror" that the Bush administration babbled about in 2004 to scare the electorate into putting him back in office. The new approach seems more rational to me; military conflict is secondary to building up infrastructure, restoring personal security and establishing strong relationships with local leaders. Last thing we want to send into these places are soldiers that scream, "Kill, kill!" That would be just an American variation of a home-grown product that is already causing enough grief.


Thorston Veblen, the early

Thorston Veblen, the early 20th century sociologist, wrote such a warning in his book Higher Leaarning in America. Art for art's sake, i.e. knowledge for the sake of knowledge has never been an american academic tradition. The Aryan model peaked in academia in the 1920's and found popular expression in the Holocaust. The Aryan model was succeeded by the Extreme Aryan model. Now people are grasping for a label for the lastest version. Ultra Europeanism, taught by Renfrew and others, is Hilter's insanity squared. Renfrew is The Disney Chair of History at Cambridge- a hostile takeover of a once fine ancient history dept. Disney is the key word: its a white guy fantasy that still means no Blacks, no Jews nohow- and the rest of the world too.


A more specific instance of

A more specific instance of this disturbing trend is the recruiting of anthropologists for "human terrain" research in conflict areas, and ROTC participation in graduate area studies programs. On the one hand, we could hope that exposing young officers to social science analyses of regional conflicts would give them some insight on how such conflicts arise (and how UNHELPFUL military "solutions" usually are). On the other hand, as a grad student in a course on "Peasant Movements in Latin America", I felt distinctly uncomfortable about the presence of a U.S. army officer/student in the seminar. Social science research, once published, is available for anyone to use -- but I was researching El Salvador, in the middle of the war, and didn't want that guy gathering intelligence from my class presentations...


No one is trying to

No one is trying to "militarize" universities. It is not "either or" . . . it is "both and." The ROTC is a valuable adjunct to our military, providing well educated military leaders. A strong military is vital to our country's existence. Ideally, every person would serve our country for two years, hopefully in the military. The anti-military, anti-patriotic "brain washing" of some academics is largely due to their not understanding how our military has made their positions possible. Many of my friends died (in the Battle of the Bulge) to preserve this freedom. May I respectfully suggest a review of European History 1930 - 1945.


The only thing the United

The only thing the United States government can do with any kind of success is keep the general population as scared as possible with all the what if's. How can a country of over 300 million people let themselves be duped by the leadership in general and specifically over the last 8years? Duh? The reason is that if we are made to feel the sky is falling then the government can do just about whatever it wants; such as invade sovereign nations for their oil under the guise of stopping "terrorism," the most overused word for the past 8 years. The horror of 9/11 had NOTHING to do with Iraq but with our "friends" the Saudi's. Pathetic!


FEAR - generate FEAR,

FEAR - generate FEAR, introduce FEAR and folks will be duped into sealing their homes with duct-tape for crying out loud against biological war-fare. The trouble with America is that since the Civil War there has been no military action INSIDE the country other than 9/11 on which who REALLY caused it the jury is still out. I was born and raised in post-Nazi Germany in the rubble and with a nightmare that still follows me to this day. Did you realize who financed Hitler's war machine? Grandpa Bush through his New York Banking Connections! And did you know who provided Hitler with much needed oil from Saudi Arabia - you guessed correctly - that is where the fortunes were made that brought us the most inept and pathetic administration EVER. Had there been a draft which was craftily avoided - we would no longer be at war with Iraq - war-mongering is very LUCRATIVE to those who engineer the backdrop but "hell, they don't go nor do their children." They just reap the benefits and why is it considered being unpatriotic to be for peace??????????????????


While I agree with the

While I agree with the author's premise, his text is nearly unreadable.


You can try to fool some

You can try to fool some Americans into thinking this is the best way to go, you might even fool other countries into thinking that, but countries that do not buy into this are going to be far ahead of us in intellect as well as capacity to produce and rule the planet. Believe it or not there isn't a military solution to everything, militization is not usually or even often the best thing for an institution, and more military does not make you safer - it makes you far more vulnerable since you now must fear not only foreign threats, but domestic threats also become too real.


What's scary is if you

What's scary is if you couple this with the fact that there will be 20,000 active duty soldiers deployed through out the United States by 2011 AND the fact that Obama mentioned in one of his campaign speeches how he wants to form a civilian military counterpart which is just as strong as the regular military. Where is this country headed?


All of this ignores the fact

All of this ignores the fact that the global war on terror was created by us. There is no global terror. I would not be surprised to find out that the ISI, Pakistan's CIA, (created and primarily funded by the CIA), is behind most of the terror. To keep the Military-Industrial complex in order, you must have an ENEMY. What better enemy than this hazy, invisible, global entity know only as "Terrorists". Then tell all the world that it may take up to 100 years to root them out and quash their evil plans. As soon as things seem to calm down, guess what? Another bomb goes off somewhere in the world and darn it, we have to go after those "Terrorists". But me of course, I'm looking to the skies for the Bat Signal. Makes just as much sense.


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