Economics: Not Nice, Not Fair, Not Pretty

by: Paul Krugman, Krugman & Co. | Op-Ed

Economics: Not Nice, Not Fair, Not Pretty
People wait in a bread line near the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City during the Great Depression. (Photo: US Farm Security Administration)

Whenever I mention that World War II ended the Great Depression, I get a lot of mail accusing me of being a warmonger.

Allow me to make a point: Economics is not a morality play. It’s not a happy story in which virtue is rewarded and vice punished.

The market economy is a system for organizing activity — a pretty good system most of the time, though not always — but not according to any moral significance.

The rich don’t necessarily deserve their wealth, and the poor certainly don’t deserve their poverty.

Nonetheless, we accept this system’s considerable inequalities because systems without any inequality don’t work. (Before anyone says, “Aha! Krugman concedes the truth of supply-side economics!” — all I am saying is that there are limits.)

And when we’re struggling with depression economics, in which it is difficult to create sufficient demand and achieve full employment — mainly because short-term interest rates are up against the zero lower bound — the essentially amoral nature of economics becomes even more acute.

As I’ve said repeatedly, this is a situation in which virtue becomes vice and prudence becomes folly; to resolve it, what we need is for someone to spend more, even if the spending isn’t particularly wise.

When nations find themselves in this dilemma, conventional theories tend to prevail even when they should not.

In particular, public spending on the necessary scale never seems to get approved.

That’s why the British economist John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s facetiously proposed burying bottles full of cash in coal mines, so people could dig them up again. Since any proposal to spend money on things that were needed got shot down on grounds of prudence and efficiency (sound familiar?), he proposed completely pointless spending instead.

What ended up doing the trick in the 1930s (spending on the war effort) was actually destructive — a sort of cruel joke on the part of the gods of economics. It would have been better if the Depression had been ended through spending on useful things — on roads and railroads and schools and parks.

But the political consensus for spending on a sufficient scale never materialized; the world needed Hitler and Hirohito instead.

So what about the common assertion that the United States prospered after the Depression only because our competitors were in a state of ruin following the war?

That’s incorrect.

First of all, trade was a minor factor in the American economy both before and immediately after the war, with imports and exports a much smaller share of gross domestic product than they are now. There was an increase in trade for a few years in the late 1940s due to the effects of the Marshall Plan, which allowed ruined economies to buy more from the United States — in effect, a form of fiscal stimulus — but it was temporary.

While it’s true that the war had largely destroyed our overseas competitors, it had also largely destroyed our overseas customers — because by and large these were the same thing.

In general, devastation is indeed bad for business.

© 2010 The New York Times Company

Truthout has licensed this content. It may not be reproduced by any other source and is not covered by our Creative Commons license.

Paul Krugman joined The New York Times in 1999 as a columnist on the Op-Ed page and continues as a professor of economics and international affairs at Princeton University. He was awarded the Nobel in economic science in 2008.

Mr Krugman is the author or editor of 20 books and more than 200 papers in professional journals and edited volumes, including "The Return of Depression Economics" (2008) and "The Conscience of a Liberal" (2007).
Copyright 2010 The New York Times. 

All republished content that appears on Truthout has been obtained by permission or license.





     

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Krugmandebate.com . It's a

Krugmandebate.com . It's a small minded human to believe war is an economic solution.



Thu, 11/25/2010 - 14:56 —

Thu, 11/25/2010 - 14:56 — Michael

Krugman is stating a fact that, sad as it was, the Second World War DID provide economic stimulus. It's a small minded human who can't believe in facts.

Krugman states that it would have been better had the money spent on the destruction of war been spent on the construction of schools, roads and other peaceful uses. He further explains that the world was not ready to accept that. And all these years later, we still have not learned the lesson Keynes sought to teach us which is not Krugman's fault.



I wish Krugman would have

I wish Krugman would have pointed out that this military-keynsian system, which has been the basis of our economy since WWII is what is driving us bankrupt now as a nation: bankrupt socially, financially, educationally, industrially, technologically, etc.

It is wise and good for us all to realize and point out that our economy has been drive by the public sector since WWII, and it's useful to realize that it was WWII which provided the political will to institute Keynsian policies at the scale that was needed at the time. Unfortunately we can no longer afford both guns and butter, and we have not been able to affor this for a long time. Now with our economy collapsing, we need to decide which is more important: empire or democracy?

I hope we choose democracy and start diverting some of the >1 trillion USD we are currently spending each year on empire, and direct that spending on non-destructive projects instead. (For a detailed discussion of the real costs of American imperialism, I recommend Chalmers Johnsons "Dismantling the Empire".



Krugman is wrong. In fact,

Krugman is wrong. In fact, the only way we can move forward into a resource depleted and climate battered future is to move to the only economic system that *can* be sustainable, a gift/steady-state economy.

The work of Steve Keen shows that the current bases model can be modified to work in equilibrium, but not using the fantasy-based assumptions of neo-classical or Keynesian economics. We must acknowledge 1. economic services are the basis of all economies, not finance, not math, not movement of goods, but nature. All else is is borne of nature, and 2. the only sustainable economies are non-monetary, non-debt-based systems embedded in non-competitive social structures. Has anyone noticed the economic collapse is not happening in the Middle East? This is because they kept to the biblical admonition against usury. Interest was considered immoral in the "west"until very recently. No less a personage than Thomas Jefferson warned against central banks.

Attempting to justify economics as inherently unfair is what is unfair, for it is utterly untrue. Keynesian/neo-classical economics are inherently unfair, true, but not all economics, which is precisely why people like Krugman want you to believe this nonsense.



There is no "god of

There is no "god of economics". This is precisely what Marx called the "fetish of the commodity" -- the rather primitive notion the the capitalist mode of production is a law of physics that we can't do anything about and must accept whole.



from the outright gifting of

from the outright gifting of railroad rightof ways to the bank bail outs , the tacit approval of derivatives and sub prime mortgages ,its not economics ,its crime against the public by the political class



"Nonetheless, we accept this

"Nonetheless, we accept this system’s considerable inequalities because systems without any inequality don’t work"

We accept this system. wow. spoken like a true colonizer. This system was born of the accelerated greed of classical colonialism and it has been imposed on populations much the same way. There ain't no "consensus' here.

You know someone just lost the argument when their response is "well, life isn't fair..." - this man is blind to the experiences and knowledges of those on whom the global economic system has been thrust upon, starved, displaced and murdered for speaking out and fighting against.

I'm done caring what this imperial tool has to say.



" [T]he essentially amoral

" [T]he essentially amoral nature of economics" is the system in the USA and too many other places. It would be well to pause this "Thanksgiving Day", a day of mourning for Native America, to consider that they had a far superior economic system because it considered the totality of nature and the place of man with it.



Mr. Krugman's piece ended

Mr. Krugman's piece ended abruptly, making me think there should have been more.



Inequality doesn't

Inequality doesn't characterise market economies only. Where is power distributed equally? Where do the powerful insist on equal distribution of resources? Now or historically? Perhaps some hunter-gatherer group (but certainly not all).



Greed never sleeps, and

Greed never sleeps, and ignorance never wakes up. It's still the same old divide and conquer. As long as everything is polarized (you're either for or against ---) we can't see that plutocracy is robbing us blind. Unite against the corporations.



in native america sharing of

in native america sharing of the proceeds of the hunt were demanded,first there was a warning ,second a beating, third if the spoiler still insisted on beating the system he was discontinued



"Has anyone noticed the

"Has anyone noticed the economic collapse is not happening in the Middle East? This is because they kept to the biblical admonition against usury."

What are you talking about, the UAE states have been utterly reeling, the only ones not suffering are those who were already so dirt poor that biblical peoples would not notice the difference the 2000+ years have hence made.



This forum seems to be a

This forum seems to be a Rohrshach test. I don't know if I got my spelling right, but from the reaction to Mr. Krugman's thoughtful article, I can see that this forum is a test of the reader. Most readers want to see what they see. They seem to get angry at things Krugman didn't say or imply. It seems some people need to be angry and see ugliness where none was intended.



If war were the answer we'd

If war were the answer we'd be rolling in wealth attributable to W's military adventurism. Actually we're broke because of his mental retardation, with which he listened to his conniving puppeteers and rah-rahed us into two unpaid-for wars for his self-glorification, just to one-up his Poppy. The initial climb out of the Big Depression was Roosevelt's program of recovery spending -- the New Deal. It was slow, and the war that overtook our history did require enormous spending, which actually improved the economy (except for rationing) because we expanded our industries and employment. But there are enough differences between then and now, including the absence of infrastructure rehab, so that we can't generalize. So far this time our Keynesian actions have checked the worst. A little more Keynes might go a longer way toward recovery. Maybe we ought to try the rehabilitation of roads, bridges, etc. -- they're crumbling, just like the economy. But of course the party that habitually drives us into recession or worse will "Just Say No."



1. Socrates said it first.

1. Socrates said it first. "The rich don’t deserve their wealth, and the poor don’t necessarily deserve their poverty.
2. We need a WPA2, Bring the troops home--retrain them--put them to work rebuilding our infrastucture.



1. Krugman didn't advise war

1. Krugman didn't advise war as a solution. He just said that that is what happened instead of something good.
2. Krugman is explaining how things work within the system we have. He isn't saying it is a good system.
3. It isn't greed. None of this has to do with morals, seven deadly sins, or anything of that sort. It is primal fear. Our extreme inequality, now expressed as Wall Street versus Main Street, is simply the current version of one tribe defending what it has from another tribe that wants to have it, too. Those that come out on top do everything possible to stay there because the alternative is deprivation and death. Don't try to apply morals to evolution.



World War II ended the

World War II ended the Depression not because it was just about spending money, but because that money was spent on massive new industrial infrastructure, and then there was the GI Bill, and the fact that aviation and electronics technology and, oh, how could I almost forget, INFINITE FREE ENERGY in the form of oil! (not infinite, of course, but it might as well have been, from their perspective 60 years ago)

Krugman's a fool for his acceptance of neoclassical economics. Marx's analysis of capitalism, especially the idea of the Primitive Accumulation of Capital, explains things infinitely better than any of these schmucks.



People keep hoping that good

People keep hoping that good times will come back if only we do the right tinkering with financial, econ0mic, currency, tax and spending policies. But normal "business cycle" prosperity will not come back to a people who have used up their resources (oil, timber, water). We need to find our happiness in a less wasteful way of life rather than long for the gay nineties, roaring twenties and nifty fifties. Krugman's desire for a more humane (equalitarian) society is noble.



There are a number of things

There are a number of things that war does that effects the economy. One is increased spending and another is destruction of a very particular kind. War by it's nature is destructive of material and people. The destruction of productive assets such as factories makes the surviving assets more valuable and creates demand to rebuild. There is a very sad truth that war is often no more a moral question than the economy is. The modern reality is war of the type that would destroy assets in a way that could help the economy would be so destructive that it provides no solution to our problems.



I think the western economic

I think the western economic system destroys past systems to erase the collective memory of a community so the monied class can continue the Keynesian con

this happen internationally as well in as in heghborhoods

There could be laws and what was once in a flash, Labor unions that gave voice to people which had a leveling effect on the machinations and destructive side effects of unbridled capitalism

(on another economic point - all this international state bankrupts - IMO - is just a paper chase to transfer wealth and enslave the people of those nations. There is nothing legitimate about it. The debt was accrued by ill-gotten method)



I learned a long time ago in

I learned a long time ago in business, to listen to everyone, because sometimes even a Jackass can utter a good useful idea. In this case that proves to be true. Krugman is a Jackass most of the time with his pronouncements. this time he scored with some truth.

FWIW, Two things motivate most people, Fear, and greed. Fear of losing what they have or greed to get more.



Time to break down into

Time to break down into tribes who have some ability to effect their environment. Outside we have soldiers taking loot for themselves and their leaders. "Democracy" can not happen in this environment. "Business" needs some stability.
I am not motivated by fear and greed as much as I am for the protection of my children.



"Has anyone noticed the

"Has anyone noticed the economic collapse is not happening in the Middle East? This is because they kept to the biblical admonition against usury."

Oh yeah, and also just maybe because the world is sending them hundreds of billions of dollars to buy their petroleum.



Don't forget, for most of

Don't forget, for most of human history, and for much of humanity today, maybe even most of humanity today, the world was unequivocally divided into the wealthy and the peasants. The middle class with upward mobility is relatively recent and kind of a limited thing; we assume it's pretty much universal and the wave of the future, because we're born into it. That's a well known fallacy. So, the middle class and progressive capitalism had a good run, maybe it's going to tap out soon. After all, you've got to give the nod to tribalism and feudalism just on the basis of probability.



I have read Krugmann and all

I have read Krugmann and all the comments.
There are plenty of illustration of the problems.
What I am missing and looking for is an attempt at solutions.
A good start would be to throw the rascals out.
The exportation of skilled labor, constant war,crooked bankers,
crooked politicians, even honest politicians needing vast amounts of money to get elected. All these factors make it impossible to solve our economic problems. Our fate is boom and bust with more bust than boom.



"Whenever I mention that

"Whenever I mention that World War II ended the Great Depression, I get a lot of mail accusing me of being a warmonger."
 
I would imagine that you also get a lot of mail telling you that YOU ARE WRONG. The average American's standard of living FELL continuously during the entire war, and didn't start trending upwards until after the war was over. Our involvement in the war (i.e., war spending) drained the economy, and only the destruction of much of Europe's industry, leaving us as the sole industrial giant, pulled us out.
 
This isn't rocket science. We built stuff and destroyed it. IOW, we spent money on lots of things that, in the end, had NO ECONOMIC VALUE. If you think that that boosts an economy, I invite you to spend your next paycheck on, for example, a couch, and, when you get it home, take it out in the back yard and burn it. See how much that boosts your economy, or the economy as a whole. If war boosted economies, the whole world would be at war continuously and we'd all be living like Bill Gates.
 
"And when we’re struggling with depression economics, in which it is difficult to create sufficient demand..."
 
Insufficient demand is the SYMPTOM, not the problem. If you don't understand that, you'll never reach a sustainable solution.
 
"In particular, public spending on the necessary scale never seems to get approved."
 
I agree with this. Government spending should be scaled down, and it never is. Well, it was at the start of the Depression of 1920, and it worked. The economy was back in the black by the end of 1921. But, then the FED started the inflationary boom that led to the crash of 1929.
 
"...trade was a minor factor in the American economy both before and immediately after the war, with imports and exports a much smaller share of gross domestic product than they are now."
 
Nice straw man. First of all, the way the government calculates GDP is bogus. Private product remaining gives a more accurate description of the health of an economy (spending $10,000,000 on a warship that is then sunk to the bottom of the ocean does not add $10,000,000 to the economy, yet is included in GDP). Second, the forced capital expansion during the war, which contributed to the lowering of the average standard of living, was then used to increase our standard of living after the war... the economy was just returning to the equilibrium it would have maintained had we not been involved in the war.
 
"There was an increase in trade for a few years in the late 1940s due to the effects of the Marshall Plan, which allowed ruined economies to buy more from the United States — in effect, a form of fiscal stimulus..."
 
Again, you show a complete lack of knowledge of economics (but, that is to be expected from someone who studied Keynesianism). The Marshall plan took money from the American taxpayer and sent it to Europe on the condition that (most of) it be spent on US-made goods. The "stimulus" was nothing more than mis-direction (look at all these exporting jobs, but don't look at the lowered domestic spending caused by the raising of the taxes to pay for it).
 
Be honest with us, Krugman. Admit that you're nothing more than a lackey for Goldman-Sachs and the MIC.



Erich Von Freemason, please

Erich Von Freemason, please go back into your cave and read some basic economic texts. Also, study basic business texts as well.

You, damn fool, should be ashamed at flaunting your stupidity before a nobel laureate in the field. You're like a muggle proclaiming you can teach Albus Dumbledore how to properly use magic.

If the demand does not exist, there is no reason to create jobs. Jobs are an EXPENSE, not a goal. Employment is something firms AVOID until it's absolutely necessary.

While it's possible for firms to drum up demand through marketing, this is temporary, and in the end it is the consumer's choice to buy which results in continued production.

The economy is driven by demand, it is not driven by supply. Anyone who studies the soviet union would understand this. Of course, you are nothing but a partisan reaganite. Have the predictable recessions after every decade of supply side and "free trade" not been enough of an indicator?



:::wow::: The lack of common

:::wow:::

The lack of common civility on this forum is stunning. I don't have any idea who Erich vonFreemason is (nor do I care) but his lack of respect for Dr. Krugman in the language he chooses to employ completely negates anything he might have to say. People who are right do not have to resort to name-calling; people who do so are not worth listening to.

Dr. Krugman's point - that ALL thinking should be on the table, not merely the current meme - is a valid one. We need to start with the nail, and follow it to its logical end.

The nail is poverty.



"(spending $10,000,000 on a

"(spending $10,000,000 on a warship that is then sunk to the bottom of the ocean does not add $10,000,000 to the economy, yet is included in GDP)"

Idiot.. it is included because it was purchased, workers were paid to produce it, and even though it was sunk it served its purpose: defense of the nation. The fact that it was lost chalks it up as an expense, and also means there is likely a necessity to replace it, and that means more work for shipyard workers.

A sunken ship adds more to the GDP than one that is still afloat.



Before solutions can be

Before solutions can be properly discussed, it is necessary to understand the root of the problem. Not entirely clear if Mr Krugman or others actually do. The problem is that supposedly 'sovereign' governments allow privately-owned, commercial banks to be in charge of the money of a country. Commercial banks are in business not for the good of the country as a whole, but to maximise their profits. All else follows, although few seem to understand this. For some exploration of what this means in the Canadian context - What Happened? http://www.rudemacedon.ca/what-happened.html .
As a certain Mr Rothschild reportedly said - Give me control of a nation's money, and I care not who writers her laws.
Understand this, and we can talk intelligently about solutions.



War is the ultimate Broken

War is the ultimate Broken Window Fallacy.



WWII involved outfitting a

WWII involved outfitting a huge standing army, which needed clothes, boots, weapons, transportation and supplies, all of which were manufactured in factories across the US.
 

Modern war planners aim to use as few actual soldiers as possible, and to spend as little as possible on the ones they do use. Today's GIs are poorly outfitted, redeployed again and again until they are used up, and not taken well cared for when they are hurt or broken. Today's war expenditures largely go to mega-corporations for mega-weapons. Far more money goes into the hands of CEOs and corporate shareholders than local to manufacturers. In fact, there is nothing to prevent parts for the drones and high tech weapons that US taxpayers' money buys from being manufactured offshore.

Yes WWII benefited the US economy and broke down the barriers against government spending. But my hunch that 21st century warfare will benefit not local economies but rather the plutocracy. Which has absolutely no loyalty to any state.



Sun, 11/28/2010 - 03:24 —

Sun, 11/28/2010 - 03:24 — RoughAcres (not verified)
 
"The lack of common civility on this forum is stunning. I don't have any idea who Erich vonFreemason is (nor do I care) but his lack of respect for Dr. Krugman in the language he chooses to employ completely negates anything he might have to say. People who are right do not have to resort to name-calling..."
 
Lack of civility? Name calling? Language I employ? Re-read my post... none of your complaints apply to it. Then read the replies to my post. As far as respect goes, I give Krugman more than he deserves. He doesn't seem to have even the slightest grasp of economics or economic history.
 
Sun, 11/28/2010 - 03:21 — Anonymous (not verified)
 
"Erich Von Freemason, please go back into your cave and read some basic economic texts. Also, study basic business texts as well."
 
I have. Most economic texts are useless, as they follow the teachings of Keynes, who didn't understand how economies function. Listening to the Keynesians created the economic mess we're currently in.
 
"You, damn fool, should be ashamed at flaunting your stupidity before a nobel laureate in the field."
 
That's all you've got... insults? If my points are not valid, refute them with logic and reason. Explain to me how a problem created by inflated currency, artificially-low interest rates, and easy credit can be fixed with more inflated currency, more artificially-low interest rates, and more easy credit. The problem is that, individually and collectively, have been consuming more than we've produced. We're in debt over our heads. More debt is not the answer. More debt will add to the problem.
 
Sun, 11/28/2010 - 03:26 — Anonymous (not verified)
 
"(spending $10,000,000 on a warship that is then sunk to the bottom of the ocean does not add $10,000,000 to the economy, yet is included in GDP)"
 
Idiot.. it is included because it was purchased, workers were paid to produce it, and even though it was sunk it served its purpose: defense of the nation."
 
We haven't had to defend this country since the War of 1812. Spending $10,000,000 on something that is then immediately destroyed does not add to the economy, and the money spent on it should be subtracted from, not added to, the economic balance sheet. This is true regardless of whether or not the war is necessary. Again, buy something with your next paycheck and destroy it... let me know what effect it has on your economy. Or, just look at the taxes taken out of your paycheck and used to bail out the banks; are you better off because of it?
 
"The fact that it was lost chalks it up as an expense, and also means there is likely a necessity to replace it, and that means more work for shipyard workers.
 
A sunken ship adds more to the GDP than one that is still afloat."
 
Wow. And you say this in the same post in which you call me an idiot. Never heard of the broken window fallacy, have you? Even Krugman would dispute your assertion.
 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_window_fallacy



No matter what appears in an

No matter what appears in an article, poster disingenuously calling himself Erich von Freemason always dives into the comments section to make the whole thing about himself. Pitiful. As his analogies are bad; his logic is faulty; his empathy quotient is near-zero, TruthOut, why do you coddle this loser?



No, Anonymous on 11/27 at

No, Anonymous on 11/27 at 2:56 - I don't have to give the nod to the shallow-thinking of social Darwinists. When all you smug bastards realize that the middle class has been cleaning up your shit for you . . . AND WE STOP . . . but, of course, then it will be too late to get off your lazy entitlement-drugged butts and save yourselves; most of us will have been lost, too. All we can hope is that your DNA disappears and ours gets taken into the future by the few hard working souls who are left and know what NOT to do.



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