Flying the Flag; Faking the News

Friday 03 September 2010

by: John Pilger, t r u t h o u t | Op-Ed

Flying the Flag; Faking the News
(Photo: DVIDSHUB / Flickr)

Edward Bernays, the American nephew of Sigmund Freud, is said to have invented modern propaganda. During the First World War, he was one of a group of influential liberals who mounted a secret government campaign to persuade reluctant Americans to send an army to the bloodbath in Europe. In his book, "Propaganda," published in 1928, Bernays wrote that the "intelligent manipulation of the organised habits and opinions of the masses was an important element in democratic society" and that the manipulators "constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power in our country." Instead of propaganda, he coined the euphemism "public relations."

The American tobacco industry hired Bernays to convince women they should smoke in public. By associating smoking with women's liberation, he made cigarettes "torches of freedom." In 1954, he conjured a communist menace in Guatemala as an excuse for overthrowing the democratically-elected government, whose social reforms were threatening the United Fruit company's monopoly of the banana trade. He called it a "liberation."

Bernays was no rabid right winger. He was an elitist liberal who believed that "engineering public consent" was for the greater good. This was achieved by the creation of "false realities," which then became "news events." Here are examples of how it is done these days:

False Reality: The last US combat troops have left Iraq "as promised, on schedule," according to President Barack Obama. TV screens have filled with cinematic images of the "last US soldiers" silhouetted against the dawn light, crossing the border into Kuwait.

Fact: They are still there. At least 50,000 troops will continue to operate from 94 bases. American air assaults are unchanged, as are special forces' assassinations. The number of "military contractors" is currently 100,000 and rising. Most Iraqi oil is now under direct foreign control.

False Reality: BBC presenters and reporters have described the departing US troops as a "sort of victorious army" that has achieved "a remarkable change in [Iraq's] fortunes." Their commander, Gen. David Petraeus, is a "celebrity," "charming," "savvy" and "remarkable."

Fact: There is no victory of any sort. There is a catastrophic disaster; and attempts to present it as otherwise are a model of Bernays' campaign to "rebrand" the slaughter of the first world war as "necessary" and "noble." In 1980, Ronald Reagan, running for president, rebranded the invasion of Vietnam, in which up to three million people died, as a "noble cause," a theme taken up enthusiastically by Hollywood. Today's Iraq war movies have a similar purging theme: the invader as both idealist and victim.

False Reality: It is not known how many Iraqis have died. They are "countless" or maybe "in the tens of thousands."

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Fact: As a direct consequence of the Anglo-American-led invasion, a million Iraqis have died. This figure from Opinion Research Business is based on peer-reviewed research led by Johns Hopkins University in Washington, DC, whose methods were secretly affirmed as "best practice" and "robust" by the Blair government's chief scientific adviser, as revealed in a Freedom of Information search. This figure is rarely reported or presented to "charming" and "savvy" American generals. Neither is the dispossession of four million Iraqis, the malnourishment of most Iraqi children, the epidemic of mental illness and the poisoning of the environment.

False Reality: The British economy has a deficit of billions, which must be reduced with cuts in public services and regressive taxation, in a spirit of "we're all in this together."

Fact: We are not in this together. What is remarkable about this public relations triumph is that, only 18 months ago, the diametric opposite filled TV screens and front pages. Then, in a state of shock, truth was unavoidable, if briefly. The Wall Street and city of London financiers' trough was on full view for the first time, along with the venality of once celebrated snouts. Billions in public money went to inept and crooked organizations known as banks, which were spared debt liability by their Labour government sponsors.

Within a year, record profits and personal bonuses were posted, and state and media propaganda had recovered its equilibrium. Suddenly, the "black hole" was no longer the responsibility of the banks, whose debt is to be paid by those not in any way responsible: the public. The received media wisdom of this "necessity" is now a chorus, from the BBC to the Sun. A masterstroke, Bernays would surely say.

False Reality: The former government minister Ed Miliband offers a "genuine alternative" as leader of the British Labour Party.

Fact: Miliband, like his brother David, the former foreign secretary, and almost all those standing for the Labour leadership, is immersed in the effluent of New Labour. As a New Labour member of Parliament and minister, he did not refuse to serve under Blair or speak out against Labour's persistent warmongering. He now calls the invasion of Iraq a "profound mistake." Calling it a mistake insults the memory and the dead. It was a crime, of which the evidence is voluminous. He has nothing new to say about the other colonial wars, none of them mistakes. Neither has he demanded basic social justice: that those who caused the recession clear up the mess and that Britain's fabulously rich corporate minority be seriously taxed, starting with Rupert Murdoch.

Of course, the good news is that false realities often fail when the public trusts its own critical intelligence, not the media. Two classified documents recently released by WikiLeaks express the CIA's concern that the populations of European countries, which oppose their governments' war policies, are not succumbing to the usual propaganda spun through the media. For the rulers of the world, this is a conundrum, because their unaccountable power rests on the false reality that no popular resistance works. And it does.

This work by Truthout is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 United States License.

John Pilger, Australian-born, London-based journalist, film-maker and author. For his foreign and war reporting, ranging from Vietnam and Cambodia to the Middle East, he has twice won Britain's highest award for journalism. For his documentary films, he won a British Academy Award and an American Emmy. In 2009, he was awarded Australia's human rights prize, the Sydney Peace Prize. His latest film is "The War on Democracy."

Comments

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The empire has no clothes.

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 10:35 — Vic Anderson (not verified)

The empire has no clothes. Perhaps in celebration of the victory in Operation NudeOn, we subjects should all abandon our clothing, symbolic of our threadbare future. Oh, and don't forget the C (catfood)-rations and their containers for the coming cataclysmic Cat Food-fight!

Thanks Mr. Pilger. I've yet

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 11:49 — HAL9000 (not verified)

Thanks Mr. Pilger. I've yet to read a bad piece from you.

It really isn't too surprising that television is referred to as programming.

"Tune in for your evening programming"

Do you think that term was chosen by accident? Maybe it was, but the meaning is all too clear.

This "end of the combat mission" story was one of the most staged events I've ever seen. NBC was only too willing to go along with whatever was required to get their "exclusive scoop". The "journalists" and "reporters" of the "serious" mainstream never fail to disappoint.

Hey, I was wondering if you

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 12:19 — fugginsuggin.com (not verified)

Hey, I was wondering if you got the idea for this article after viewing my article a few days ago where I quote Bernay's Propaganda? I feel like it is too abstract a reference to be coincidence.

http://www.fugginsuggin.com/2010/08/conscious-and-intelligent-manipulation.html

See wcg-chipigrams.blogspot.c

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 12:46 — Anonymous (not verified)

See

wcg-chipigrams.blogspot.com/2010/09supposing- truth-out-hysteria.html

Excellent article. For your

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 12:46 — Erich von Freemason (not verified)

Excellent article. For your next, I suggest an expose of the propaganda machine at the heart of the AGW hoax.

Hey fugginsuggin, It would

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 12:49 — Chip (not verified)

Hey fugginsuggin,

It would not surprise me. TO is not as avant original as it purports. In fact it often brings up the rear while trumpetting its insightfulness.

Note on The Johns Hopkins

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 13:27 — Anonymous (not verified)

Note on The Johns Hopkins reference -- The last time I was back east, it was in Baltimore not DC

"Of course, the good news is

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 13:30 — Anonymous (not verified)

"Of course, the good news is that false realities often fail when the public trusts its own critical intelligence, not the media." In the movie V For Vendetta, there is a scene where a family is at home watching "the news" on TV and their young child says "that's not true"... That scene struck me profoundly. Until that happens (families everywhere across america come to that same conclusion) we haven't much chance of changing anything.

We need more Pilgers to

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 14:28 — mustbeanidealist (not verified)

We need more Pilgers to loudly stamp the word CRIMINAL accross the foreheads of the armchair serial killers who run and ran our countries.

Is there no profit in truth? Where are these denouncements in NYTimes, Guardian etc? Facts don't need to be argued from both sides.

Bernays used to bring Uncle

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 14:33 — Schmipts Propiel (not verified)

Bernays used to bring Uncle Siggy fat Cuban cigars and sat at the feet of his uncle plying for assessments of the human psychology. Interesting to see that cigar sticking out of Freud's face knowing that it represents another factor into the downfall of The United States to psychologically manipulated American idiots.

But World War I had to be

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 15:36 — Anonymous (not verified)

But World War I had to be fought, ditto WW II

I think my two favourite

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 16:16 — Bob (not verified)

I think my two favourite quotes on the subject are; first from Bismark :Nothing should be taken for truth until it's been officially denied" & from P T Barnum "There's a sucker born every day & two on Sunday". I remember going to a headshrinker over forty years ago & seeing him angry one day, I asked what the problem was. Damn salesmen coming in to learn how to screw your head so they could make more sales was his answer. Now of course they are even using fMRI studies so they really know how to mess your mind. Disney & the other uber hucksters are working on the minds of little children turning them into mindless consumers; imagine sophisticated psychology used in ads to motivate our children; why is this allowed? We are not rational creatures, rather we are rationalizing creatures & MD s are just as, perhaps in their arrogance more susceptible to the hucksters then HS dropouts. Face it; in the 21st century a majority of people, especially in the USA but elsewhere too believe that; if they just "believe" the right myth then they will not die. If you can believe that then you are able to believe anything you want to or "they" want you to.

The 1934 governor's campaign

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 16:37 — Uppie (not verified)

The 1934 governor's campaign in California was the perfection of this technique and perhaps the first coordinated campaign by big business and the communications industry to destroy a candidate, the Democratic candidate, Upton Sinclair, who almost won over his nondescript Republican opponent. It is covered in the definitive book, The Campaign of the Century, by Greg Mitchell. Oh, you never read any of Sinclair's more than 90 books, and Pulitzer Prize winner? See, the propaganda is still working.

My suggestion as a way to

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 17:00 — Bob (not verified)

My suggestion as a way to immunize yourself against Propaganda/Programming is to as much as practicable; "think from scratch". We & all the generations before us have been indoctrinated in what I call the cult of leadership. The Pharaoh built the Pyramids, the King, Prince, General,ultimately god, that is the basic programming, did it all, we the people just happened to be there; the leader of whatever stripe made things happen. That is the basic lie we are told from birth. All other lies are based on this one. The facts are that the workers, slaves, soldiers etc. are the ones who made everything happen. There are no gods & the King or General without the people is nothing therefore the people should be respected which is exactly the opposite of everything we are exposed to. I would like to see Zinns, "A history of the American People" which debunks this myth taught in every public school in the country; it might cut down on the hero worship which keeps people who ultimately do everything of value down & elevates those who do little or nothing, to the top. Money is the second "Giant Scam" after Religion & it would be good to get into that but only after the people respect themselves above all.

Bob! This is what America

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 18:21 — Cap'n Canard! (not verified)

Bob! This is what America is all about. Profit before everything. This the just more evidence that America, as a political and economic giant, is finished. We are in the first stages of the cancer, a fixation on the bottom line regardless of the benefits for us or our children or for the future of America. I would suggest that the KEY is consciousness. Until the notion of God, Pres., King et al is challenged from every angle we are bound to have a huge population that will ignore reason. Zinn's "The People's History of the U.S.A." is a good start, but I've found that most people don't wanna know the truth. They're happy with the status quo. You could demonstrate that Dec. 25 is the metaphorical birth of the SUN, i.e. sol. and easter is called easter because the vernal equinox is visible while looking east on the first day of spring. This are replicable. And measurable. And repeated every year with or without permission of organizied religions. But religions are just political organizations anyway. So I like your comments, but I am dubious of most human behavior that is accompanied by a set of rationalizations. Time for a Guinness...

this isn't history,its

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 18:36 — Anonymous (not verified)

this isn't history,its current events

Pilger has it right, as does

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 20:47 — Kathie MM (not verified)

Pilger has it right, as does George Lakoff. The radical right has learned well how to frame issues to get people to believe what they (the radical right) want them to believe. And of course it feels better, requires less intellectual and emotional struggle, to believe that the US government and others with power are the "good guys," and that they have the well-being of the American people at heart. And it is also true that the propaganda and groupthink do not last forever. The photo of the little girl running down the street with napalm burning her back helped bring the Vietnam War to an end. The U.S. government and mainstream media learned that lesson well and keep a tight control on the images of war most people see now, so it is important that truthout and other alternative media keep contrasting the false realities and hype with the facts.
My website: http://engagingpeace.com

You'all grow up. Get rid of

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 21:23 — Anonarcmous (not verified)

You'all grow up. Get rid of the TV!! There is no rule that says this & cable,etc is essential. If this is not possible b/c others object,, then downsize to ONE SMALL TV, & wean yourself off cable.Can you really afford it??

The video "Psywar" is also

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 21:35 — mcthorogood (not verified)

The video "Psywar" is also an excellent summary of the battle for the human mind.

http://metanoia-films.org/psywar.php

What I don't understand is

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 22:05 — Lorenzo (not verified)

What I don't understand is how can people NEVER catch on?

The Republicans are in, eventually things get bad enough that the people vote in the Democrats. Then they get worse, and the people will vote in the Republicans. Etc, ad infinitum, ad nauseum.

What a farce! The Dembulicans and the Republicats. How about voting for one of the OTHER parties. Yes, they no doubt have their problems, but they at least aren't completely bought out by vested interests.

My suggestion for voting is to vote for ANYONE but a Republican or Democrat. ("What...? and waste your vote?") If enough of us "wasted" our votes it might introduce some new blood and ideas (whatever their ideology) into this closed and fixed game, or at least send a message to those really in power that WE ARE MAD AS HELL AND ARE NOT GOING TO TAKE IT ANY MORE!

But I have found that, in discussing this with most, that the idea of voting outside the "two party system" is an act that most equate with (check one)
futility
insanity
treason

Which is why we are doomed because of terminal stupidity: you can vote out the bad guys (so the argument goes), but almost everyone is afraid of or conditioned against voting against the demonstrably REAL bad guys. Rots 'o' ruck.

Quote from Bob 21:16 "We are

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 22:51 — notamerica (not verified)

Quote from Bob 21:16 "We are not rational creatures, rather we are rationalizing creatures "
And therein lies the problem.

We only can become rational by critical thinking. Which is not the easy way out for most people.
It's not that humans are not rational it's that they are lazy which motivates them to rationalize instead of think critically.

When people are under pressure to survive they are forced to think more critically to meet the increased demands on their minds and bodies.

We can only hope for a devastated/divested class of Americans and Europeans to wake up and realize there is no easy way out anymore.

Organizations such as WikLeaks will go a long way in OUTING the truth to the NGE (non government employee) citizens of USA, Europe, Russia, China, and the world.

Showing everyone who wants to know, the secrets that their Govt's want to keep from them.

With any luck the Icelandic Modern Media Initiative will spawn multiple Govt Secrets Dissemination Outlets. Which will greatly enhance Iceland's standing/stature around the world but also open millions/billions of people eyes/minds

To everyone having issues

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 23:37 — CleverTitania (not verified)

To everyone having issues commenting:

I was having the same problems. I contacted TO, and they're having issues with it marking things as Spam when they aren't. They are working on the issue, and in the mean time, you can send them the comment (and what article it goes to) and they'll manually post it for you.

Bernard Bernays was an

Fri, 09/03/2010 - 23:40 — Anonymous (not verified)

Bernard Bernays was an influential "liberal" ... hello, Noam Chomsky! He correctly noted that liberals are not progressives, just the left wing to the same bird in counterpoint to its right wing. Manichean for both sides, but not able to lead the nation out of its head-on self-destructive course, just tilt the aircraft slightly from term to term. We are afraid that not voting for the liberal vs. the right wing will hand the victory to the totalitarian power system. Guess what -- this IS the system! Obama is in its thrall, by whatever threat or enticement, as are the Democrats in Congress.

world war two was initiated

Sat, 09/04/2010 - 01:32 — Anonymous (not verified)

world war two was initiated by the treaty of Versailles's reparations burden on Germany,they want to manipulate the masses for what our security or their gain

I like Pilger's writing,

Sat, 09/04/2010 - 13:05 — Gordon K (not verified)

I like Pilger's writing, generally. But I have to point out (again) that there's another glaring False Reality in our recent history: the notion that the 9/11 Commission was an honest, bi-partisan effort to arrive at a reasonable explanation for the destruction at the WTC and Pentagon.

Fact: The de-facto head of the 9/11 Commission was Philip Zelikow, a longtime Bush family insider who is friends (and co-author of a book) with Condi Rice, thus the Commission's report was utterly untrustworthy and fraudulent. Given that (and reams of damning details ignored in the report), 9/11 looks like a particularly brutal form of PR.

Truthout has NEVER looked at 9/11 issues in an open minded fashion, and so another False Reality is TO's progressive stance an objectivity, while the sad Fact is its continued, lockstep quasi liberal bias and inexhaustible capacity for addressing symptoms of social injustice while ignoring root causes.

More on Bernays here: How

Sat, 09/04/2010 - 16:48 — Gus W (not verified)

More on Bernays here:
How Media Breeds Americans to Be Eternally Childlike Consumers

http://www.opednews.com/articles/opedne_gustav_w_071209_how_media_and_advert.htm

Americans Please Critically

Sun, 09/05/2010 - 15:39 — Anonymous (not verified)

Americans Please Critically Think, and Inoculate Yourselves Against The Propaganda And Public Relations Blitz We Are All Are Bombarded With Daily!

First off- What about President Obama's weaker than expected actions in in regards to legislation?, and other “Mystery Behaviors” demonstrated by our Government's recent actions or in-actions, especially as they pertain to this extreme economic crisis, we as Americans, at least the majority of us, are facing in the U.S.A., as we head into the fall season of the year 2010, and towards the November mid-term elections.

1) He did get health care reformed passed, but weakened with loopholes.

2)He did get wall street reform passed, but was extremely weakened with loopholes, but, why didn't he push diligently for the re-institution of the Glass-Steagall Act?

3)While Americans and their families ARE pathetically struggling from UN-employment by the millions, he did not declare a state of emergency, and grant extensions for the long termed UN-employed that paid into UN-employment insurance all their working years, leaving them homeless, split-up and worse.

4) This economic collapse was due to the most elaborate corrupt collusion, between government and Wall street. No action to prosecute the wrongdoers was another travesty. I know first hand that Federal Judges and Magistrates have been given a, wink wink nod nod, NOT TO PROSECUTE, or give JUSTICE to the victims of banker/broker fraud, including Truth in Lending Law violations, which have undermined, and made our justice system for all intents and purposes ineffective, as well as, irrelevant. This FACT should be at least ONE, of the TOP stories in MEDIA, but is kept quiet, intentionally because of the corruption between Washington, and Wall street.

The questions are: WHY, and How, and MOST importantly...

WHY IS IT THAT WE AMERICANS, REALLY JUST DON'T SEEM TO CARE?

Think about this for a moment, did you have ANY understanding, or were you even aware of the 4th point I made above, before I mentioned some details regarding it?
It is not a theory, this is a fact, and common knowledge in those privy to Fed cases recently, (since 2008) in Federal Courts coast to coast. The American public needs to research the truth THEMSELVES!

I would like to comment on this phenomenal lack of coverage of critically important issues by the media outlets if I may.

Cut that cable, shut off that am radio, and then see the forest, and smell the coffee. They know it is human nature to be fed the pseudo-truth and just how the public likely will react by... "Going down the path of least resistance", rather than to go to the_ "trouble" and "time", to read. and dig, for the REAL truth, which is sometimes obscure, but out there. Just needing a "seeker" to find it.

Of course it IS much "easier" to be fed lies, and go with them, and be unaware, than to be bothered thinking any further in our busy lives. We are also dealing with our families and jobs, (or lack thereof) after all. That is why the distracting, and propagandist, techniques in American, and GLOBAL, "Public Relations" have worked so well to "dumb down" the public, in order to put them down and keep them down. Entertained and numb.

"THEY" have gone to the "trouble" and "time" and "great expense" ($) in order to master the techniques of mind manipulation of the masses, because simply, it is SOOO effective and ultimately lucrative in profit, and power brokering.

This all is a BIG GAME.

HUGELY unjust actions are being committed against the public, and what almost exclusively happens?; the public's collective eyes, just glaze over. And on top of it, when we rarely do GET AN INKLING, or GUT FEELING, that there is something wrong or amiss, we just say to ourselves, "What can I do about it? Or if it does not affect "Me"; "Why should I care"?

I hear all the time now the plea from the enlightened few; "Wake up sheeple"! Well, what does that mean?

That means; no longer can we allow ourselves to be used.

It means no longer believe it is simply the hand we're dealt.

It means no longer blindly TRUST any authoritarians word.

It means question, what we hear, as well as what we see, from now on.

I suggest you even take some quality time to research what "I" have written above, and verify it properly.

LOOK!, at the lions share of court cases regarding banking and homeowners, and SEE the trends for yourselves.
Connect the dots sometimes.

Read that health care reform Act. What it began as, and what it finally became.

Read the Wall street reform bill in the form it began as, and what was left of it when it finally passed.

You do not have to be a lawyer, just observant, and be WILLING to critically think.

It IS one of the most important things you can begin getting in the habit of, whether you're a Doctor, clerk, electrician, or trash collector.
Our school system does impede our ability to think critically...by design. "Think about it"...LOL

It IS commendable and honorable, to be a citizen that is capable of seeking REAL TRUTH, and you DO deserve respect for being an INFORMED citizen. LOOK behind that curtain...go ahead, see smoke and mirrors for yourself. Be involved with turning it around on THEM!!

We are more respectable than the elite rulers we now have that are ELECTED by us, to serve us. THEY ARE OUR SERVANTS! They have so cunningly wound up turning the facts around in our minds, by design, utilizing extensive psychological studies, of how to bend what we think, and believe, without our even knowing it. I have no room to expand on this topic, however feel free to discuss it with me later...no "kook stuff" please, we'll stick with what we know to be FACT.

I know I have included a lot in one comment block. I believe, with raw unadulterated thought, that maybe it's possible that, if one person gets the idea, about what I am saying, that I may have helped another person to strengthen themselves, and in turn, help the next fellow American. As a result realize newer methods of handling information, and get them off the destructive, addiction to propaganda, and sensationalism. Let's not forget, subterfuge, that we are being spoon fed, day after day, year after year, and so on, with hidden agendas galore, tagging along.

Buy this product, vote for me, act this way...the list goes on. And the dominoes hopefully, shall begin to fall exponentially, and diffuse the corrupt process we are deluged constantly with from a variety of sources .

If you are finally finding things are much clearer, and your peers are still stuck, keep it QUIET. Go slow, because if you tell them what your views are now, they most likely will make fun of you,
or exude contempt towards you, even possibly some form of betrayal signals towards you, or even some cases unfortunately, shun you. It does not have to be this way at all.

If necessary, don't even mention anything to THEM, let it be. Because enlightenment of one, can shock the mind set of those whom still remain in a the "stupor". It is the result of them picking up contrasting vibes from you, then comparing those to your former demeanor, before you snapped out of it. Human nature bites again!

Just simply keep inoculated, amongst the "still not aware of group” that remains behind.

And as an additional benefit of critically thinking, you may just dare to strike a chord, with some new friends, that refreshingly, see what you see as well.

Keep things in perspective, and train your OWN mind, as opposed to letting "THEM" do it TO you!! You WILL feel better about yourself, because you are now a "FREE THINKING PERSON", and that in itself is a HIGH aspiration and achievement.

Thank you, if you took the time to read my posted commentary!

To get out my point, I felt I needed to say the most, with the least amount of words kind of thing, you know what I mean?

Feel FREE to make a rebuttal, or say something, I would very much appreciate that, my mind is always open for business...LOL! I would enjoy a calm sensible discussion on this subject matter, as well as any other thoughts. Such as...

Why is President Obama seemingly laying low, allowing the Republicans to weaken and dilute his ideas, and showing us, what APPEARS to be, the lack of a set of brass ones, when it comes to standing up for, what he EXPRESSED, or PROMISED, he would tackle with intensity in these areas, in his campaign rhetoric? His new and unprecedented, policy of “Change” and “Transparency in Government”?

Well let us dig for the truth about it, and we'll know what we are dealing with!!!

Have fun fellow Americans on this Labor day weekend holiday!

Sincerely,
Art Schmit

Americans Please Critically

Sun, 09/05/2010 - 15:57 — Art S. (not verified)