"Juggernaut:" the Standardized Test
Wednesday 02 February 2011
by: Marion Brady | The Washington Post | Op-Ed
Picture a huge, ancient chariot being pulled through narrow city streets, carrying a crude idol of a god. So massive is the chariot, citizens are crushed under its wooden wheels.
The current education-change experiment, begun in the 1980s at the urging of corporate America, is a juggernaut. The god it carries is The Standardized Test.
On board the chariot, surrounding the god and enthusiastically waving the standards and accountability banner, are the president of the United States; the secretary of education; nearly all the governors of the 50 states; the U.S. Chamber of Commerce; the Business Roundtable; the Gates, Broad, and Walton foundations; hedge fund managers; publishers of test and test prep materials; a few big-city mayors; and celebrities such as Michelle Rhee, Oprah Winfrey, Mark Zuckerberg, and Jeb Bush.
The chariot riders , true believers, take it for granted that learning isn’t a natural act, that it happens only under threat, and that high-stakes, standardized tests provide that necessary threat. Their money, name recognition, political power, public relations skills, and easy access to the mainstream media, are used to steadily increase the number of worshipers of the Standardized Test God.
But the chariot has stalled, so questions must be asked.
And of those questions, the most important one for America is this: Can standardized tests measure “higher order” thinking skills—measure not merely memory of something read or heard, but measure student ability to infer, categorize, hypothesize, generalize, synthesize, value, create, and so on?
In short, can machine-scored test questions attach useful, meaningful numbers or letter grades indicating the quality of the complex thought processes upon which our survival and success depend?
Most educators say “No.”
But federal education policymakers say “Yes,” and have handed near-absolute power to the Standardized Test God. It’s fair, then, to ask them to explain and defend their action to educators whose agreement and cooperation they need if the chariot is to move on.
Establishing a reasonable schedule for a public exchange of views on the issue is appropriate and necessary. Here’s how that can be made to happen:
For four days, between July 28 —31, anti-standardized test educators from across America will meet in Washington, D.C. to stage a protest.
At least two weeks before they arrive, the U.S. Department of Education should post ten illustrative or model questions on its website, two each for five different “higher order” thought processes of their choosing. The ten questions, when answered, will produce numbers that compare a particular test-taker’s performance with that of all others answering the question dealing with that particular thinking skill.
On the website, following each question, provision should be made for dialogue—for a conversation between experienced educators and policymakers in Washington.
To set wise policy, out of that dialog must come a clear answer. Can machine-scored standardized tests measure human thought processes precisely enough to allow standardized tests to shape America’s future ? Yes, or no?
The ten model questions posted by the USDOE should meet two criteria.
First, they must be 100 % machine scoreable and reliable. This is essential, for sooner or later, taxpayers will want to know why they’re paying billions of dollars to corporations to score single examples of school work (work taxpayers will rarely or never see), when those same taxpayers have already paid teachers to score a far richer and more visible stream of work?
Second, each USDOE sample questions must yield a useful, meaningful score. It must say, for example, that in a practical, real-world situation—a situation familiar to the test taker—the test-taker-taker’s inference, hypothesis, generalization, value judgment or other complex thought process deserves an “8” rather than a “7,” a “9,” or some other score.
At a meeting I attended on Aug. 2, 2008, in Titusville, Florida, prior to his election, President Obama recognized me, asked about my more than five decades of teaching experience, and accepted my question about his future administration’s openness to the input of experienced educators on matters of education policy.
To his credit, he didn’t promise me that such would be the case; his answer came later when, to the great disappointment of many educators, he chose the cliché-prone Arne Duncan to head the Department of Education.
After the election, in a much smaller meeting with Secretary Duncan near Orlando, Florida, my raised hand went unacknowledged, but the secretary said that, although present standardized tests were flawed and in need of major improvement, there would be more of them.
Any trace of logic in that policy escapes me. Why are billions of dollars being spent to buy and administer tests the Secretary admits are flawed? What purpose is served by numbers and rankings that yield no reliable, useful information?
I agree with the late, highly respected paleontologist, biologist and historian Stephen Jay Gould who near the end of his book, "The Mismeasure of Man," summed up what everyone who’s given more than a moment’s thought to the matter knows: “Human uniqueness lies in the flexibility of what our brains can do. What is intelligence, if not the ability to face problems in an unprogrammed manner?”
The situation calls for action. Now. Students, strongly supported by their teachers, parents, grandparents, and all others who care about the future of education and America, should join The Bartleby Project initiated in 2008 by John Taylor Gatto.
Serious students, strongly supported by their teachers, parents, grandparents, and all others who care about the human condition, should join the Bartleby Project initiated in 2008 by John Taylor Gatto.
In an afterward to his book, "Weapons of Mass Instruction," Gatto invites readers to join him in what he calls “an open conspiracy” to destroy the standardized testing industry.www.newsociety.com/titleimages/TI004012_OI001098_23.pdf
If destroying the standardized testing industry sounds like an extreme action, you don’t understand the problem.
Gatto’s argument can be accessed at: http://www.newsociety.com/titleimages/TI004012_OI001098_23.pdf
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Comments
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My education through high
Sun, 02/06/2011 - 17:03 — Robin Spock (not verified)My education through high school took place in England. The first high school in Dorchester up to 1946 was guided by Oxford University and the second high school in Cambridge was guided by Cambridge University (surprise?) and finished there in 1948. Completion at each high school ended with a set of examinations which were prepared and graded by the university, in Dorchester there were nine subjects, and Cambridge there were four. There was no filling in the blanks at final examination time. Typically you could answer 5 out of eight long questions in a two hour exam.
When I came to the US, New York University College of Engineering gave me 50 credits based on my high school work! So which system do you think is the better one? One in which the University determines the content and controls the standards or some faceless bureaucracy.
The standardized-test
Sun, 02/06/2011 - 18:45 — Regina (not verified)The standardized-test bulldozer has turned American education into a system of zombies, both students and teachers. Just look at international ratings and see how far down our students fall. The old bureaucracy was bad enough, including Schools of Education in colleges and universities. But now we have the bubble-headed system of short-answer questions, with no context developed -- we can't teach the kids, we have to prepare them for the bloomin' tests. The local system's federal money depends on their correctly bubbling in the rote answers. Ditto the teachers' jobs. (And maybe next time the international tests are run the Americans will drop from 25th place to 35th.)
Actually, when adjusted for
Sun, 02/06/2011 - 19:56 — Sayward (not verified)Actually, when adjusted for poverty rates, the U.S. still comes out on top in those international comparisons.
When scores from schools with a given poverty rate are compared with those of countries with corresponding rates, in each category, U.S. schools tied or topped the other countries. (Schools' poverty rates were measured according to percentage of the student population qualifying for free or reduced lunch---and, of course, most countries are much smaller than the U.S., and so have much less internal variation in poverty rates.)
The U.S. rates 25th overall because we have about a 25% rate of childhood poverty. Now THAT'S the REAL scandal---NOT that our educational system is bad!
(Although it would be a lot better if bureaucrats would stop telling education professionals what and how to teach!)
The fact remains that we teach a more diverse student population---counting race, ethnicity, and language--- than any other nation in the world, and we do a fairly good job at it, too, considering the effects of poverty on the learning ability of poor students.
The problem lies with the
Sun, 02/06/2011 - 23:23 — MahesLadduwahetty (not verified)The problem lies with the Standardized Testing Techniques that were developed with intent to provide an "objective" level playing field where minimal emphasis is given to individual analytical capability or expression. The downside however is that it does not select for creative thinking or clear expression of ideas which are the very basis of progress. There should be an at least 3hr long essay style test designed to select for creativity and expression that could be marked by at least 2 (ideally 3) examiners in order to minimize examiner subjectivity. This may provide the necessary balance to rectify the current situation that tends to give advantage to 'examination-oriented tutoring' and other methods that have turned both teacher and student into performing robots.
This is such an important
Sun, 02/06/2011 - 23:41 — Carolyn (not verified)This is such an important topic! I hope all who can attend the events in D.C. will do so.
I could go on and on about this topic, but just to make one point: as someone in the facebook comments eluded to, this is a human rights issue to some degree. I want to look more into the rights that parents and students have to simply "just say no" to these tests.
There needs to be a strong movement to refuse to be involved in giving, taking, and basing funding based on these tests. I come from a family of educators and have a first grader. I am planning on keeping him home on the days those tests are administered. I will happily argue my case to anyone who pleads that my son staying home will hurt the school's funding or whatnot.
This is all about money (testing companies, private charter schools, vouchers, destroying public education as an institution) and power (keep the masses uneducated and unthinking) and classism and racism.
Obama should be ashamed of himself. He is on the wrong side on this issue. But then again, I feel this way about most of the "sides" he has taken.
This is an important fight that relates to political struggles, economics.... everything!
Hooray! We’ve identified
Mon, 02/07/2011 - 14:25 — R.Bevan Trembly (not verified)Hooray! We’ve identified the problem. Psychometrics will always be a puny tool to measure the human mind. But no one in the article’s “thread” has clearly and strongly exposed the assumptions of modern education, an obvious pillar of western civilization, that have brought us to this sorry mess. President Obama recently stated them pretty well: “We need to be more competitive. We need higher marks in science and math.”
Do you think community college graduates created our “housing bubble”? No, this most massive swindle and subsequent taxpayer bailout of the crooks was engineered by Ivy League graduates, our ""best and brightest", using their talents hell bent on greed and individual aggrandizement. Until we embrace a new paradigm recognizing our commonality and humane values and develop a new way of imbuing our children with these attitudes and emotional skills we will only be digging our disaster faster.
If you wonder how this could be listen to this:
http://ld.pod-ad.com/content/LivingDialogues_021_JosephChiltonPearce.mp3
It's pretty obvious why our
Mon, 02/07/2011 - 16:50 — Anonymous (not verified)It's pretty obvious why our U.S. educations sucks - ignorance, intellectual incompetence and educational isolation + videogames, primetime TV, Internet and the pharmacological soup of American food = one easy corporate takeover of the USA.
Human beings
Thu, 02/10/2011 - 15:39 — MeasureTwice (not verified)Human beings are difficult to evaluate, not only because we are complex bundles of differing talents, interests, and contradictions, but because whether or not a student prospers will depend to a significant degree upon the particular niche they are able to locate or establish. However the increasingly corporate workplace demands interchangeable (and disposable) parts, much like parts on the shelf of a hardware store (the exception being those in upper management, whose members are one-of-a kind, irreplaceable, and paid accordingly).
School administrators endorse standardized tests because they are fast and cheap, relative to more articulate methods of evaluation, and shifts the responsibility for the results to a third party. It also produces a satisfyingly “scientific” number in place of where that bundle of complexity once stood.
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